Components

class grandchallenge.components.models.ComponentImage(*args, **kwargs)[source]
Parameters:

Relationship fields:

Parameters:
class GPUTypeChoices(value, names=None, *, module=None, qualname=None, type=None, start=1, boundary=None)
class ImportStatusChoices(value, names=None, *, module=None, qualname=None, type=None, start=1, boundary=None)
property original_repo_tag

The tag of this image in the container repository

save(*args, **kwargs)[source]

Save the current instance. Override this in a subclass if you want to control the saving process.

The ‘force_insert’ and ‘force_update’ parameters can be used to insist that the “save” must be an SQL insert or update (or equivalent for non-SQL backends), respectively. Normally, they should not be set.

class grandchallenge.components.models.ComponentInterface(id, overlay_segments, look_up_table, title, slug, description, default_value, schema, kind, relative_path, store_in_database)[source]
Parameters:
  • id (AutoField) – Primary key: ID

  • overlay_segments (JSONField) – Overlay segments. The schema that defines how categories of values in the overlay images are differentiated.

  • title (CharField) – Title. Human readable name of this input/output field.

  • slug (AutoSlugField) – Slug

  • description (TextField) – Description. Description of this input/output field.

  • default_value (JSONField) – Default value. Default value for this field, only valid for inputs.

  • schema (JSONField) – Schema. Additional JSON schema that the values for this interface must satisfy. See https://json-schema.org/. Only Draft 7, 6, 4 or 3 are supported.

  • kind (CharField) – Kind. What is the type of this interface? Used to validate interface values and connections between components.

  • relative_path (CharField) – Relative path. The path to the entity that implements this interface relative to the input or output directory.

  • store_in_database (BooleanField) – Store in database. Should the value be saved in a database field, only valid for outputs.

Relationship fields:

Parameters:

look_up_table (ForeignKey to LookUpTable) – Look up table. The look-up table that is applied when an overlay image is first shown (related name: componentinterface)

Reverse relationships:

Parameters:
  • evaluation_inputs (Reverse ManyToManyField from Phase) – All evaluation inputs of this component interface (related name of inputs)

  • evaluation_outputs (Reverse ManyToManyField from Phase) – All evaluation outputs of this component interface (related name of outputs)

  • algorithm_inputs (Reverse ManyToManyField from Algorithm) – All algorithm inputs of this component interface (related name of inputs)

  • algorithm_outputs (Reverse ManyToManyField from Algorithm) – All algorithm outputs of this component interface (related name of outputs)

  • example_value (Reverse OneToOneField from ComponentInterfaceExampleValue) – The example value of this component interface (related name of interface)

  • componentinterfacevalue (Reverse ForeignKey from ComponentInterfaceValue) – All component interface values of this component interface (related name of interface)

  • question (Reverse ForeignKey from Question) – All questions of this component interface (related name of interface)

exception DoesNotExist
Kind

alias of InterfaceKindChoices

exception MultipleObjectsReturned
SuperKind

alias of InterfaceSuperKindChoices

__init__(*args, **kwargs)[source]
property allowed_file_types

The allowed file types of the interface that is relevant when uploading

clean()[source]

Hook for doing any extra model-wide validation after clean() has been called on every field by self.clean_fields. Any ValidationError raised by this method will not be associated with a particular field; it will have a special-case association with the field defined by NON_FIELD_ERRORS.

property file_extension

The dot filename extension (e.g. ‘.jpg’) of an interface that is relevant when writing

validate_against_schema(*, value)[source]

Validates values against both default and custom schemas

class grandchallenge.components.models.ComponentInterfaceExampleValue(id, created, modified, interface, value, extra_info)[source]
Parameters:

Relationship fields:

Parameters:

interface (OneToOneField to ComponentInterface) – Interface (related name: example_value)

exception DoesNotExist
exception MultipleObjectsReturned
clean()[source]

Hook for doing any extra model-wide validation after clean() has been called on every field by self.clean_fields. Any ValidationError raised by this method will not be associated with a particular field; it will have a special-case association with the field defined by NON_FIELD_ERRORS.

class grandchallenge.components.models.ComponentInterfaceValue(*args, **kwargs)[source]

Encapsulates the value of an interface at a certain point in the graph.

Parameters:

Relationship fields:

Parameters:

Reverse relationships:

Parameters:
  • evaluation_evaluations_as_input (Reverse ManyToManyField from Evaluation) – All evaluation evaluations as input of this component interface value (related name of inputs)

  • evaluation_evaluations_as_output (Reverse ManyToManyField from Evaluation) – All evaluation evaluations as output of this component interface value (related name of outputs)

  • algorithms_jobs_as_input (Reverse ManyToManyField from Job) – All algorithms jobs as input of this component interface value (related name of inputs)

  • algorithms_jobs_as_output (Reverse ManyToManyField from Job) – All algorithms jobs as output of this component interface value (related name of outputs)

  • archive_items (Reverse ManyToManyField from ArchiveItem) – All archive items of this component interface value (related name of values)

  • display_sets (Reverse ManyToManyField from DisplaySet) – All display sets of this component interface value (related name of values)

  • download (Reverse ForeignKey from Download) – All downloads of this component interface value (related name of component_interface_value)

exception DoesNotExist
exception MultipleObjectsReturned
__init__(*args, **kwargs)[source]
clean()[source]

Hook for doing any extra model-wide validation after clean() has been called on every field by self.clean_fields. Any ValidationError raised by this method will not be associated with a particular field; it will have a special-case association with the field defined by NON_FIELD_ERRORS.

property decompress

Should the CIV be decompressed?

This is only for legacy support of zip file submission for prediction evaluation. We should not support this anywhere else as it clobbers the input directory.

image_file
property relative_path

Where should the file be located?

Images need special handling as their names are fixed.

save(*args, **kwargs)[source]

Save the current instance. Override this in a subclass if you want to control the saving process.

The ‘force_insert’ and ‘force_update’ parameters can be used to insist that the “save” must be an SQL insert or update (or equivalent for non-SQL backends), respectively. Normally, they should not be set.

class grandchallenge.components.models.ComponentJob(*args, **kwargs)[source]
Parameters:
  • id (UUIDField) – Primary key: Id

  • created (DateTimeField) – Created

  • modified (DateTimeField) – Modified

  • status (PositiveSmallIntegerField) – Status

  • attempt (PositiveSmallIntegerField) – Attempt

  • stdout (TextField) – Stdout

  • stderr (TextField) – Stderr

  • runtime_metrics (JSONField) – Runtime metrics

  • error_message (CharField) – Error message

  • detailed_error_message (JSONField) – Detailed error message

  • started_at (DateTimeField) – Started at

  • completed_at (DateTimeField) – Completed at

  • compute_cost_euro_millicents (PositiveIntegerField) – Compute cost euro millicents. The total compute cost for this job in Euro Cents, including Tax

  • input_prefixes (JSONField) – Input prefixes. Map of the ComponentInterfaceValue id to the path prefix to use for this input, e.g. {‘1’: ‘foo/bar/’} will place CIV 1 at /input/foo/bar/<relative_path>

  • task_on_success (JSONField) – Task on success. Serialized task that is run on job success

  • task_on_failure (JSONField) – Task on failure. Serialized task that is run on job failure

  • time_limit (PositiveIntegerField) – Time limit. Time limit for the job in seconds

  • requires_gpu_type (CharField) – Requires gpu type. What GPU is required by this job?

  • requires_memory_gb (PositiveSmallIntegerField) – Requires memory gb. How much memory is required by this job?

Relationship fields:

Parameters:
property container: ComponentImage

Returns the container object associated with this instance, which should be a foreign key to an object that is a subclass of ComponentImage

property output_interfaces: QuerySet

Returns an unevaluated QuerySet for the output interfaces

save(*args, **kwargs)[source]

Save the current instance. Override this in a subclass if you want to control the saving process.

The ‘force_insert’ and ‘force_update’ parameters can be used to insist that the “save” must be an SQL insert or update (or equivalent for non-SQL backends), respectively. Normally, they should not be set.

class grandchallenge.components.models.ComponentJobManager(model=None, query=None, using=None, hints=None)[source]
average_duration()[source]

Calculate the average duration that completed jobs ran for

with_duration()[source]

Annotate the queryset with the duration of completed jobs

class grandchallenge.components.models.GPUTypeChoices(value, names=None, *, module=None, qualname=None, type=None, start=1, boundary=None)[source]
class grandchallenge.components.models.ImportStatusChoices(value, names=None, *, module=None, qualname=None, type=None, start=1, boundary=None)[source]
class grandchallenge.components.models.InterfaceKind[source]

Interface kind choices.

class InterfaceKindChoices(value, names=None, *, module=None, qualname=None, type=None, start=1, boundary=None)

Interface kind choices.

static interface_type_file()[source]

Interface kinds that are files:

  • CSV file

  • ZIP file

  • PDF file

  • SQREG file

  • Thumbnail JPG

  • Thumbnail PNG

  • OBJ file

  • MP4 file

  • Newick file

static interface_type_image()[source]

Interface kinds that are images:

  • Image

  • Heat Map

  • Segmentation

  • Displacement Field

static interface_type_json()[source]

Interface kinds that are json serializable:

  • String

  • Integer

  • Float

  • Bool

  • Anything that is JSON serializable (any object)

  • Chart

  • 2D bounding box

  • Multiple 2D bounding boxes

  • Distance measurement

  • Multiple distance measurements

  • Point

  • Multiple points

  • Polygon

  • Multiple polygons

  • Lines

  • Multiple lines

  • Angle

  • Multiple angles

  • Ellipse

  • Multiple ellipses

  • Affine transform registration

  • Choice (string)

  • Multiple choice (array of strings)

import json
import os

import django

os.environ.setdefault('DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE', 'config.settings')
django.setup()

from grandchallenge.components.models import INTERFACE_TYPE_JSON_EXAMPLES

for key, example in INTERFACE_TYPE_JSON_EXAMPLES.items():
    title = f"Example JSON file contents for {key.label}"

    if example.extra_info:
        title += f" ({example.extra_info})"

    print(f"{title}:")
    print(json.dumps(example.value, indent=2))
    print("")
Example JSON file contents for String:
"Example String"

Example JSON file contents for Integer:
42

Example JSON file contents for Float:
42.0

Example JSON file contents for Bool:
true

Example JSON file contents for Anything:
{
  "key": "value",
  "None": null
}

Example JSON file contents for Chart (For more examples, see https://vega.github.io/vega-lite/examples/ and https://grand-challenge.org/blogs/visualisations-for-challenges/):
{
  "$schema": "https://vega.github.io/schema/vega-lite/v5.json",
  "width": 300,
  "height": 300,
  "data": {
    "values": [
      {
        "target": "Negative",
        "prediction": "Negative",
        "value": 198
      },
      {
        "target": "Negative",
        "prediction": "Positive",
        "value": 9
      },
      {
        "target": "Positive",
        "prediction": "Negative",
        "value": 159
      },
      {
        "target": "Positive",
        "prediction": "Positive",
        "value": 376
      }
    ],
    "format": {
      "type": "json"
    }
  },
  "layer": [
    {
      "mark": "rect",
      "encoding": {
        "y": {
          "field": "target",
          "type": "ordinal"
        },
        "x": {
          "field": "prediction",
          "type": "ordinal"
        },
        "color": {
          "field": "value",
          "type": "quantitative",
          "title": "Count of Records",
          "legend": {
            "direction": "vertical",
            "gradientLength": 300
          }
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "mark": "text",
      "encoding": {
        "y": {
          "field": "target",
          "type": "ordinal"
        },
        "x": {
          "field": "prediction",
          "type": "ordinal"
        },
        "text": {
          "field": "value",
          "type": "quantitative"
        },
        "color": {
          "condition": {
            "test": "datum['value'] < 40",
            "value": "black"
          },
          "value": "white"
        }
      }
    }
  ],
  "config": {
    "axis": {
      "grid": true,
      "tickBand": "extent"
    }
  }
}

Example JSON file contents for 2D bounding box (Optional fields: "name" and "probability"):
{
  "name": "Region of interest",
  "type": "2D bounding box",
  "corners": [
    [
      130.8,
      148.8,
      0.5
    ],
    [
      69.7,
      148.8,
      0.5
    ],
    [
      69.7,
      73.1,
      0.5
    ],
    [
      130.8,
      73.1,
      0.5
    ]
  ],
  "probability": 0.95,
  "version": {
    "major": 1,
    "minor": 0
  }
}

Example JSON file contents for Multiple 2D bounding boxes (Optional fields: "name" and "probability"):
{
  "name": "Regions of interest",
  "type": "Multiple 2D bounding boxes",
  "boxes": [
    {
      "name": "ROI 1",
      "corners": [
        [
          92.6,
          136.0,
          0.5
        ],
        [
          54.8,
          136.0,
          0.5
        ],
        [
          54.8,
          95.5,
          0.5
        ],
        [
          92.6,
          95.5,
          0.5
        ]
      ],
      "probability": 0.95
    },
    {
      "name": "ROI 2",
      "corners": [
        [
          92.6,
          136.0,
          0.5
        ],
        [
          54.8,
          136.0,
          0.5
        ],
        [
          54.8,
          95.5,
          0.5
        ],
        [
          92.6,
          95.5,
          0.5
        ]
      ],
      "probability": 0.92
    }
  ],
  "version": {
    "major": 1,
    "minor": 0
  }
}

Example JSON file contents for Distance measurement (Optional fields: "name" and "probability"):
{
  "name": "Distance between areas",
  "type": "Distance measurement",
  "start": [
    59.8,
    78.8,
    0.5
  ],
  "end": [
    69.4,
    143.8,
    0.5
  ],
  "probability": 0.92,
  "version": {
    "major": 1,
    "minor": 0
  }
}

Example JSON file contents for Multiple distance measurements (Optional fields: "name" and "probability"):
{
  "name": "Distances between areas",
  "type": "Multiple distance measurements",
  "lines": [
    {
      "name": "Distance 1",
      "start": [
        49.7,
        103.3,
        0.5
      ],
      "end": [
        55.1,
        139.3,
        0.5
      ],
      "probability": 0.92
    },
    {
      "name": "Distance 2",
      "start": [
        49.7,
        103.3,
        0.5
      ],
      "end": [
        55.1,
        139.3,
        0.5
      ],
      "probability": 0.92
    }
  ],
  "version": {
    "major": 1,
    "minor": 0
  }
}

Example JSON file contents for Point (Optional fields: "name" and "probability"):
{
  "name": "Point of interest",
  "type": "Point",
  "point": [
    152.1,
    111.0,
    0.5
  ],
  "probability": 0.92,
  "version": {
    "major": 1,
    "minor": 0
  }
}

Example JSON file contents for Multiple points (Optional fields: "name" and "probability"):
{
  "name": "Points of interest",
  "type": "Multiple points",
  "points": [
    {
      "name": "Point 1",
      "point": [
        96.0,
        79.8,
        0.5
      ],
      "probability": 0.92
    },
    {
      "name": "Point 2",
      "point": [
        130.1,
        115.5,
        0.5
      ],
      "probability": 0.92
    }
  ],
  "version": {
    "major": 1,
    "minor": 0
  }
}

Example JSON file contents for Polygon (Optional fields: "name" and "probability"):
{
  "name": "Area of interest",
  "type": "Polygon",
  "seed_point": [
    76.4,
    124.0,
    0.5
  ],
  "path_points": [
    [
      76.41,
      124.01,
      0.5
    ],
    [
      76.41,
      124.05,
      0.5
    ],
    [
      76.42,
      124.08,
      0.5
    ]
  ],
  "sub_type": "brush",
  "groups": [],
  "probability": 0.92,
  "version": {
    "major": 1,
    "minor": 0
  }
}

Example JSON file contents for Multiple polygons (Optional fields: "name" and "probability"):
{
  "name": "Areas of interest",
  "type": "Multiple polygons",
  "polygons": [
    {
      "name": "Area 1",
      "seed_point": [
        55.82,
        90.46,
        0.5
      ],
      "path_points": [
        [
          55.82,
          90.46,
          0.5
        ],
        [
          55.93,
          90.88,
          0.5
        ],
        [
          56.24,
          91.19,
          0.5
        ],
        [
          56.66,
          91.3,
          0.5
        ]
      ],
      "sub_type": "brush",
      "groups": [
        "manual"
      ],
      "probability": 0.67
    },
    {
      "name": "Area 2",
      "seed_point": [
        90.22,
        96.06,
        0.5
      ],
      "path_points": [
        [
          90.22,
          96.06,
          0.5
        ],
        [
          90.33,
          96.48,
          0.5
        ],
        [
          90.64,
          96.79,
          0.5
        ]
      ],
      "sub_type": "brush",
      "groups": [],
      "probability": 0.92
    }
  ],
  "version": {
    "major": 1,
    "minor": 0
  }
}

Example JSON file contents for Line (Optional fields: "name" and "probability"):
{
  "name": "Some annotation",
  "type": "Line",
  "seed_points": [
    [
      1,
      2,
      3
    ],
    [
      1,
      2,
      3
    ]
  ],
  "path_point_lists": [
    [
      [
        5,
        6,
        7
      ],
      [
        8,
        9,
        10
      ],
      [
        1,
        0,
        10
      ],
      [
        2,
        4,
        2
      ]
    ],
    [
      [
        5,
        6,
        7
      ],
      [
        8,
        9,
        10
      ],
      [
        1,
        0,
        10
      ],
      [
        2,
        4,
        2
      ]
    ]
  ],
  "probability": 0.92,
  "version": {
    "major": 1,
    "minor": 0
  }
}

Example JSON file contents for Multiple lines (Optional fields: "name" and "probability"):
{
  "name": "Some annotations",
  "type": "Multiple lines",
  "lines": [
    {
      "name": "Annotation 1",
      "seed_points": [
        [
          1,
          2,
          3
        ],
        [
          1,
          2,
          3
        ]
      ],
      "path_point_lists": [
        [
          [
            5,
            6,
            7
          ],
          [
            8,
            9,
            10
          ],
          [
            1,
            0,
            10
          ],
          [
            2,
            4,
            2
          ]
        ],
        [
          [
            5,
            6,
            7
          ],
          [
            8,
            9,
            10
          ],
          [
            1,
            0,
            10
          ],
          [
            2,
            4,
            2
          ]
        ]
      ],
      "probability": 0.78
    },
    {
      "name": "Annotation 2",
      "seed_points": [
        [
          1,
          2,
          3
        ],
        [
          1,
          2,
          3
        ]
      ],
      "path_point_lists": [
        [
          [
            5,
            6,
            7
          ],
          [
            8,
            9,
            10
          ],
          [
            1,
            0,
            10
          ],
          [
            2,
            4,
            2
          ]
        ],
        [
          [
            5,
            6,
            7
          ],
          [
            8,
            9,
            10
          ],
          [
            1,
            0,
            10
          ],
          [
            2,
            4,
            2
          ]
        ]
      ],
      "probability": 0.92
    }
  ],
  "version": {
    "major": 1,
    "minor": 0
  }
}

Example JSON file contents for Angle (Optional fields: "name" and "probability"):
{
  "name": "Some angle",
  "type": "Angle",
  "lines": [
    [
      [
        180,
        10,
        0.5
      ],
      [
        190,
        10,
        0.5
      ]
    ],
    [
      [
        180,
        25,
        0.5
      ],
      [
        190,
        15,
        0.5
      ]
    ]
  ],
  "probability": 0.92,
  "version": {
    "major": 1,
    "minor": 0
  }
}

Example JSON file contents for Multiple angles (Optional fields: "name" and "probability"):
{
  "name": "Some angles",
  "type": "Multiple angles",
  "angles": [
    {
      "name": "First angle",
      "lines": [
        [
          [
            110,
            135,
            0.5
          ],
          [
            60,
            165,
            0.5
          ]
        ],
        [
          [
            70,
            25,
            0.5
          ],
          [
            85,
            65,
            0.5
          ]
        ]
      ],
      "probability": 0.82
    },
    {
      "name": "Second angle",
      "lines": [
        [
          [
            130,
            210,
            0.5
          ],
          [
            160,
            130,
            0.5
          ]
        ],
        [
          [
            140,
            40,
            0.5
          ],
          [
            180,
            75,
            0.5
          ]
        ]
      ],
      "probability": 0.52
    },
    {
      "name": "Third angle",
      "lines": [
        [
          [
            20,
            30,
            0.5
          ],
          [
            20,
            100,
            0.5
          ]
        ],
        [
          [
            180,
            200,
            0.5
          ],
          [
            210,
            200,
            0.5
          ]
        ]
      ],
      "probability": 0.98
    }
  ],
  "version": {
    "major": 1,
    "minor": 0
  }
}

Example JSON file contents for Ellipse (Optional fields: "name" and "probability"):
{
  "name": "Some ellipse",
  "type": "Ellipse",
  "major_axis": [
    [
      -10,
      606,
      0.5
    ],
    [
      39,
      559,
      0.5
    ]
  ],
  "minor_axis": [
    [
      2,
      570,
      0.5
    ],
    [
      26,
      595,
      0.5
    ]
  ],
  "probability": 0.92,
  "version": {
    "major": 1,
    "minor": 0
  }
}

Example JSON file contents for Multiple ellipses (Optional fields: "name" and "probability"):
{
  "name": "Some ellipse",
  "type": "Multiple ellipses",
  "ellipses": [
    {
      "major_axis": [
        [
          -44,
          535,
          0.5
        ],
        [
          -112,
          494,
          0.5
        ]
      ],
      "minor_axis": [
        [
          -88,
          532,
          0.5
        ],
        [
          -68,
          497,
          0.5
        ]
      ],
      "probability": 0.69
    },
    {
      "major_axis": [
        [
          -17,
          459,
          0.5
        ],
        [
          -94,
          436,
          0.5
        ]
      ],
      "minor_axis": [
        [
          -61,
          467,
          0.5
        ],
        [
          -50,
          428,
          0.5
        ]
      ],
      "probability": 0.92
    }
  ],
  "version": {
    "major": 1,
    "minor": 0
  }
}

Example JSON file contents for Three-point angle (Optional fields: "name" and "probability"):
{
  "name": "Some 3-point angle",
  "type": "Three-point angle",
  "angle": [
    [
      177,
      493,
      0.5
    ],
    [
      22,
      489,
      0.5
    ],
    [
      112,
      353,
      0.5
    ]
  ],
  "probability": 0.003,
  "version": {
    "major": 1,
    "minor": 0
  }
}

Example JSON file contents for Multiple three-point angles (Optional fields: "name" and "probability"):
{
  "name": "Multiple 3-point angles",
  "type": "Multiple three-point angles",
  "angles": [
    {
      "name": "first",
      "angle": [
        [
          300,
          237,
          0.5
        ],
        [
          263,
          282,
          0.5
        ],
        [
          334,
          281,
          0.5
        ]
      ],
      "probability": 0.92
    },
    {
      "name": "second",
      "angle": [
        [
          413,
          237,
          0.5
        ],
        [
          35,
          160,
          0.5
        ],
        [
          367,
          293,
          0.5
        ]
      ],
      "probability": 0.69
    }
  ],
  "version": {
    "major": 1,
    "minor": 0
  }
}

Example JSON file contents for Affine transform registration:
{
  "3d_affine_transform": [
    [
      1,
      0,
      0,
      0
    ],
    [
      0,
      1,
      0,
      0
    ],
    [
      0,
      0,
      1,
      0
    ],
    [
      0,
      0,
      0,
      1
    ]
  ]
}

Example JSON file contents for Choice:
"Choice 1"

Example JSON file contents for Multiple choice:
[
  "Choice 1",
  "Choice 2"
]
static interface_type_mandatory_isolation()[source]

Interfaces that can only be displayed in isolation.

static interface_type_undisplayable()[source]

Interfaces that cannot be displayed.

class grandchallenge.components.models.InterfaceKindChoices(value, names=None, *, module=None, qualname=None, type=None, start=1, boundary=None)[source]

Interface kind choices.

class grandchallenge.components.models.InterfaceSuperKindChoices(value, names=None, *, module=None, qualname=None, type=None, start=1, boundary=None)[source]
class grandchallenge.components.models.InterfacesAndValues(interfaces, values)[source]
interfaces: set
values: dict
class grandchallenge.components.models.OverlaySegmentsMixin(*args, **kwargs)[source]
Parameters:

overlay_segments (JSONField) – Overlay segments. The schema that defines how categories of values in the overlay images are differentiated.

Relationship fields:

Parameters:

look_up_table (ForeignKey to LookUpTable) – Look up table. The look-up table that is applied when an overlay image is first shown

class grandchallenge.components.models.Tarball(*args, **kwargs)[source]
Parameters:

Relationship fields:

Parameters:
class ImportStatusChoices(value, names=None, *, module=None, qualname=None, type=None, start=1, boundary=None)
save(*args, **kwargs)[source]

Save the current instance. Override this in a subclass if you want to control the saving process.

The ‘force_insert’ and ‘force_update’ parameters can be used to insist that the “save” must be an SQL insert or update (or equivalent for non-SQL backends), respectively. Normally, they should not be set.